Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.     

不同坡度及坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征研究——以淮河北部支流低山丘陵区为例

借助RS和GIS技术获取研究区土壤侵蚀的相关影响因子,运用RUSLE土壤侵蚀模型,计算研究区土壤侵蚀模数,进行侵蚀强度分级,并探讨不同坡度和坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 173.755 t/(km2·a),年侵蚀总量约9.56×107t;约96%的区域为微度侵蚀;轻度以上侵蚀主要发生在西部和北部的低山丘陵区,侵蚀土壤面积占总面积的3.32%,但泥沙流失量的比重为72.024%,是防治水土流失的关键区域;随着坡度的增加,侵蚀面积呈先减小后增大而后又减小的趋势,8°~15°坡度带是土壤侵蚀状况的转折点;不同坡向条件下,土壤侵蚀面积由大到小的顺序为半阳坡、阳坡、阴坡和平地,半阳坡侵蚀面积约占总侵蚀面积的50%。     

宁化县小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析——以常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例

以宁化县常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例,从宏观监测和微观监测2个层面监测了常丰里和石壁溪小流域水土流失动态变化、植被自然演替状况、植被覆盖度、林草生长量,以及经济效益和社会效益等指标。该流域治理水土流失面积2 675 hm2,治理程度达到80.4%;综合治理措施保存率达80%以上;宜草宜林面积达80%以上;林草植被覆盖率从50.4%提高到56.0%;提高了防洪减沙效益,减沙率达70%以上;小流域土壤侵蚀模数从2 533 t/(km2·a)降低到1 500 t/(km2·a)以下。经过综合治理,流域内的水土流失面积、强度都已明显下降,取得了良好的治理效果。     

定西市安定区水土流失特点与治理效益分析

水土流失是定西地区生态环境恶化的主要原因,也是社会经济发展的主要限制性因素之一。通过对定西市安定区水土流失特点、水土保持路径变迁及其效益分析,基于区域可持续、协调发展的理念下,提出了干旱贫困区水土流失治理思考,以期为干旱区水土保持研究提供理论依据。     

昆明市水源区典型林分对土壤抗侵蚀作用影响研究

为了阐明昆明市重要水源区不同林分类型对土壤抗侵蚀性的影响,以昆明迤者小流域3种不同林分下土壤为研究对象,通过野外模拟和室内分析相结合的方法,分析3种不同林地土壤的抗侵蚀性能.结果表明:3种典型样地的土壤抗剪强度值差异显著,土壤抗剪强度大小为:云南松林地＞针阔混交林地＞桉树林地.3种不同林地土壤抗冲系数差异不显著,土壤抗蚀指数针阔混交林地最大(39％),桉树林地次之(37％),云南松林地最小(24％).桉树x云南松混交林在大雨强和长历时降雨条件下林下土壤抵抗崩解的效果更显著.用主成分分析法来分析3种不同林地土壤的抗侵蚀特性,得到3种不同林地的土壤抗侵蚀性的综合评价模型:Y=0.763Y1+0.236Y2,进而得出不同林地的土壤抗侵蚀性强弱排序为:针阔混交林地(0.150)＞桉树林地(0.127)＞云南松林地(-0.079),混交林防治水土流失的效果明显强于纯林.     

武广客运专线建设工程的水土流失影响程度分析

铁路建设工程中的路基修筑、隧道开凿、取土弃渣均会导致大量的水土流失,对铁路沿线生态环境造成不利影响。本文以武广客运专线工程为例,通过水土流失影响指数评价模型来定量分析、评判该工程的水土流失影响程度。结果表明,该项目的水土流失影响指数值为0.21,仅为全国铁路建设项目水土流失影响平均水平的70%,这表明与传统铁路建设工程相比,武广客运专线建设工程的水土流失影响程度相对较低。其主要原因是工程单位长度占地面积(3.19 hm2/km)及影响面积(0.17 hm2/km)较小、工程单位长度总土石方量(7.00万m3/km)较少、工程单位长度水土流失总量(343.85 t/km)不大、水土流失治理面积比例较高(0.916)。     

三种植被类型植物根系对崇明岛海岸带稳定性的影响

Coastal erosion is currently a major problem along the southern coast of Chongming Island, Shanghai. To enhance the erosion protection ability of coastal shelterbelts, two woody tree species, Taxodium ascendens and Salix babylonica, were planted separately into Phragmites australis + Scirpus mariqueter communities in 2006. Two years later, we investigated whether either of these experiments reduced erosion and increased stability in the native herbaceous plant community. We also examined soil stability and root length density under T. ascendens added, S. babylonica added and native herbaceous vegetation conditions along an intertidal gradient from the soil surface to a depth of 40 cm in each experiment, thus to determine the capacity of T. ascendens and S. babylonica to contribute to shoreline stabilization. Topsoil under the native vegetation had greater stability at the middle and higher intertidal zones because its soil stability index and root length density were significantly higher than in the T. ascendens or S. babylonica planted communities. The effect of T. ascendens on soil stability was not generally better than that of the native vegetation. Only at the 20-30 cm soil depth of the middle intertidal zone and in the 10-20 cm layer of the higher intertidal zone the soil stability index and root length densities under the T. ascendens added condition were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the native vegetation. The S. babylonica planted soil had greater stability in the deeper soil layer than the soil under either the native vegetation or the T. ascendens added condition, and its soil stability index and root length density were significant higher (P < 0.05) than those of other vegetation conditions at the 30-40 cm soil depth for the lower intertidal zone and at the 20-40 cm layer for middle and higher intertidal zones.     

面向地表过程模拟的降雨径流模型开发与应用

降雨径流是流域地表过程的主要驱动力,是众多地表模型的基础。该文在充分考虑流域气象及下垫面等要素空间异质性的基础上,提出了一个面向地表过程模拟的、基于DEM的分布式次降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性将栅格划分为坡面单元和河网单元;模型考虑了降雨、植被截流和入渗等产流过程,利用运动波分级汇流的方式进行汇流演算。模型在江西躁口水流域进行了检验和应用。结果表明：该模型模拟的流量过程精度较高;模拟的径流深度及径流搬运力的空间分布符合水文规律。模型结构简洁、参数较少,具有较好的实用价值;为土壤侵蚀及非点源污染等以流路为基础的复杂地表过程研究奠定了基础。     

稀土元素示踪坡面次降雨条件下的侵蚀过程

为定量研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程,该文利用REE-INAA（稀土元素-中子活化分析）方法,将REE元素沿坡面垂直分层布设并结合室内模拟降雨试验,研究了次降雨条件下面蚀和细沟侵蚀的转变和动态发育过程。结果表明：降雨初期坡面主要发生面蚀,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀将加快加剧,细沟侵蚀深度随之迅速增加。坡面侵蚀中面蚀量约占总侵蚀量的30%左右,细沟侵蚀量占70%左右。单位深度范围内最上层土壤侵蚀量最大,向下依次递减。可以将坡面侵蚀形态演变过程划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段,各阶段转化都有明显的拐点出现。因此,利用REE-INAA方法可以对土壤侵蚀演变过程进行较准确地定量研究。     

岔巴沟流域淤地坝对泥沙存贮-释放的影响（英）

为分析黄河中游流域产输沙对人类干预增强的响应机制,该文选取岔巴沟为坝系小流域研究区,探讨淤地坝的建设和发展对流域内泥沙存贮-释放时空变化的影响。研究表明,20世纪80年代岔巴沟处于泥沙存贮状态,10 a平均泥沙输移比为0.325,经分析,始于20世纪50年代,并于60、70年代得到发展,80、90年代趋于稳定的岔巴沟淤地坝拦截了大量泥沙是造成泥沙存贮的主要原因。和拦沙作用相比,其减少高含沙水流发生频率,降低高含沙水流发育程度的作用更大。值得注意的是,淤地坝在几十年的发展过程中可淤库容显著下降,多数原有坝地淤满,加上20世纪80年代以后坝体建设速度减缓,以及设计标准低,后期管理和维护不利,垮坝和毁坝造成泥沙再释放的潜在性在增加。 因此,今后在对淤地坝作为一项重要的水保措施引起足够重视的同时,维护和巩固现有淤地坝的拦泥库容也非常必要。